Negative Body Image, Binge Eating, and Child Abuse

Negative Body Image, Binge Eating, and Child Abuse Relationships Violence and Abuse Print Negative Body Image and Child Abuse History By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 01, 2019 More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ If you were abused or not properly cared for as a child, and you now struggle with overeating, you are not alone. Many others who suffered from childhood abuse and neglect have gone on to develop Binge Eating Disorder (BED), a problem with over-eating commonly known as a type of food addiction, in adulthood. Feeling and saying, I hate my body is extremely common, especially for people who were abused in childhood. Your Feelings About Yourself If you suffered from childhood abuse, and you struggle with over-eating, you may have developed overly negative feelings about yourself, also known as low self-esteem. Problems with low self-esteem are particularly common among people who were emotionally abused as children. It can be hard to believe this, as so many people put on a brave face to the world, but low self-esteem can take its toll on people from all walks of life. Low self-esteem affects many people, whether or not they were abused, and sometimes leads to or is made worse by overeating or other addictive behavior. In fact, low self-esteem is such a common problem that almost any counselor you see will be able to help you to overcome these negative feelings about yourself. Often, low self-esteem is based on an unrealistic view of yourself, especially if you were abused or mistreated as a child. Counseling, whether it is specialist counseling for overeating or addiction or regular counseling with a general counselor or psychologist, can help you see yourself in a more realistic light, so you can come to appreciate things that make you feel good about yourself. Your Feelings About Your Body It is not unusual for people, particularly women, to feel dissatisfied with their bodies these days. Many blame the fashion and diet industries for promoting unrealistic ideals of what people should look like. Even models are unable to live up to these impossible standards, needing designer clothing, excessive makeup, and clever camera and airbrushing techniques to achieve the fantasy of perfection we see in magazines. Some binge eaters have particularly negative feelings about their own bodies, so much so that it can be a part of the problem. Research has also shown that binge eaters who were emotionally or sexually abused are particularly likely to be unhappy about their bodies, even more so than binge eaters whose childhoods were instead plagued by physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Feeling bad about your body may actually be making your tendency to overeat worse. As with low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction is a problem that counselors and psychologists face with their clients on a daily basis, so reaching out for help will be met with understanding and support. Because your poor image of your body is based on unrealistic standards, a counselor or psychologist can help you recognize your own unique beauty, that is based on who you really are, not on clever tricks, make-up, or a perfectly proportioned or skinnier body. Taking on the Voice of Your Abuser Research has also helped uncover the reason why people who were emotionally or sexually abused generally have more depressive symptoms and greater body dissatisfaction, and more severe problems with binge eating. It seems that self-criticism is the crucial factor that drives some binge eaters to feel so negatively about their bodies. One way of understanding this pattern is that people who were emotionally abused as children experienced harsh criticism from their abuser, which they then turned on themselves, becoming their own harshest critic. This happens whether or not depressive symptoms develop, although depressive symptoms may intensify the effect of self-criticism on negative body image. People who were sexually abused often develop a negative body image due to being treated as sexual objects by their abusers, at a time when they were still developing an understanding of their own bodies. Having treatment for sexual or emotional abuse can change the way you talk to yourself so that you become your own best friend, rather than your own worst enemy. Writing your own affirmations is one way that you can begin to change the way you talk about yourself right away, and can have a lasting effect on the way your talk to yourself in your own head. Does Childhood Abuse Cause Binge Eating? We know that there is a strong association between childhood abuse and binge eating disorders, as well as between childhood abuse and other eating disorders, addictions, and mental health problems. We even know that the type of abuse or neglect binge eaters experienced when they were children had a significant effect on their negative body image in adulthood. Nonetheless, this is not proof that childhood abuse causes these problems in later life. Dr. David Dunkley and his colleagues, who carried out a study with 170 overweight adults who wanted help with binge eating, and whose problems were not otherwise explained by a significant physical or mental disorder, showed the mechanism by which the link between childhood abuse and body dissatisfaction is facilitated by self-criticism. But although self-criticism has a profound effect on negative body image, it is impossible to tell from this research whether child abuse actually causes self-criticism, body dissatisfaction, or binge eating. The only way to find this out would be to track people over time, starting in childhood.

Essay about Reagan and Gorbachev - 806 Words

Reagan and Gorbachev During his first term, Reagan denounced the pre-Gorbachev Soviet Union as an evil empire. The Cold War took place between the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from the mid 1940’s to the early 1990s. It was a â€Å"cold war† in the sense that there was never any military engagement between the US and the USSR, but during the Cold War both superpowers invested in many different weapons. The Cold War finally started to wind down in the late 1980’s due to Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev’s cooperation. In 1971, Mikhail Gorbachev had been chosen to the Key Panel, which was comprised of chosen international team members that produced selections for that Party as well as have been in†¦show more content†¦To the immense big amaze of each gent’s agents, the 2 agreed in theory in order to be able for you to help getting rid of INF methods through Europe and to equivalent worldwide restrictions associated with A hundred INF rocket payloads. Additionally they essentially arranged in principle to eliminate just about almost most nuclear weapons at 10 years (by 1996), rather than through the 2000 such as Gorbachevs original summarize. Ongoing believe in problems, specifically over relation and Presidents Strategic Security Effort (SDI), resulted in the actual peak is frequently thought to be a failure because of not less than making a concrete floor contract instantly, or for leading to a staged removal of nuclear guns. Ultimately, nevertheless, this could climax in the signi ng from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in 1987, following Gorbachev acquired suggested this particular removal in 22 This summer 1987. Ronald Reagan recognized the modification toward the actual Soviet management having Mikhail Gorbachev, as well as now uses diplomacy, having a view in order to be able for you to help motivate the particular Soviet leader to go after significant arms contracts. Reagans personal objective was to attain a global free from atomic power weapons, that he or this individual regarded as completely unreasonable, completely inhumane, great for just eliminating, possibly destructive associatedShow MoreRelatedThe Defining Era Of Summits : Reagan And Gorbachev1547 Words   |  7 PagesThe Defining Era of Summits: Reagan Gorbachev No era of Summitry was as eventful as that of Reagan and Gorbachev’s. Both the leaders held four summits between 1985 and 1988, which eventually changed the course of the history. The personal rapport that the two leaders established between themselves ultimately led to the end of the cold war, without a shot being fired. This was no mean feat, considering that in the preceding four decades, both the countries spared no effort to outdo each other fromRead MoreEssay on Differences and Similarities between Reagan and Gorbachev1027 Words   |  5 PagesDifferences and Similarities Between Reagan and Gorbachev The Cold War, which started sometime in the 1940’s, was a large quarrel between the United States and the Soviet Union. This dispute involved a lot of propaganda and threats of nuclear warfare. Despite all of the trouble though, after over forty years of fighting, the two leaders of these countries (Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev) would finally work out a solution. However, although they did reach an agreement, there were many differencesRead MorePresident Ronald Reagan And Soviet Leaders Gorbachev From 1985-19882108 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985-1988 contribute to ending the Cold War? 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He resigned in 1991, and has since founded the Gorbachev Foundation and remains active in social and political causes. EARLY LIFE Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on March 2, 1931, to a Russian-Ukrainian family inRead MoreReagan And The Soviet Union1656 Words   |  7 PagesIn the year 1981, the American, anti-communist Ronald Reagan became president of the United States (Doc 70, pg.426). During the first term of his presidency, Reagan expressed a great sense of danger and threat that was deeply embedded in his general convictions regarding the nature of communism, particularly, in the Soviet Union (Renshon and Larson, pg.15). However, Reagan eventually began to express alternative views in his second term of presidency. He significantly altered his perception of theRead MoreThe World Through Freedom And Democracy : A Critical Analysis866 Words   |  4 Pagesa symbol of democracy and freedom on a global scale. Reagan examines the ideological barriers of the Cold War, which are defined in the Berlin Wall as a division between communism and democracy. President Reagan was a pivotal leader for democracy d uring the Cold War, since his primary goal was to defeat communism around the world. More importantly, Reagan took a pre-emptive rhetorical risk in openly challenging Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the wall as a pre-emptive Cold War policyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Ronald Reagan Essay examples660 Words   |  3 Pageswith the Communists, but the Communist weren’t persuaded. In 1987, Ronald Reagan used emotion, logic, and intellect to persuade the Soviets that tearing down the wall would help make Berlin prosperous. June 12, 1987, Ronald Reagan gave his famous â€Å"Tear Down this Wall† speech in Berlin. Many people in Germany were ready for freedom and others wanted it as well. Many people felt there should be peace within the city. Ronald Reagan wanted to persuade the Soviets and Communists that change and opennessRead MoreRelationship between the United States and the Soviet Union1325 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the unsuccessful past during the Cold War years between the United States and the Soviet Union, President Ronald Reagan and his counterpart the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev during the 1980s should have focused on bright future by reducing the nuclear arms, because having a partnership, friendship and the common goal will move two nations toward success. On 1985, in an effort to improve the international situation, the United States and the

Article Analysis for Economics - 1636 Words

University of Phoenix Principles of Microeconomics ECO/365 Professor James Harris III Aug 7, 2008 Article Analysis The article that will be used for this analysis is â€Å"Supply, demand, and the Internet-economic lessons for microeconomic principles courses† by Fred Englander and Ronald L. Moy. There will be definitions for the following economics, microeconomics, Law of supply and the Law of demand. Another subject that will be discussed is the identification of factors that lead to the changes in supply and demand. In order to better understand what is being discussed going to start with the definitions. Define Economics â€Å"Economics is the branch of social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of†¦show more content†¦Here is a great example of how the internet has helped in price and product comparison: â€Å"a consumer buying a car may not be informed fully about the safety features of various models or may not have adequate information to evaluate the importance or usefulness of various options (e.g., antilock brakes, four-wheel drive, side cross beams to reduce the damage from a side collision). The information asymmetry about those models or features is common and may allow an aggressive sales person to exploit the buyers ignorance† (Englander Moy, 2003). Another major utility of the internet is the ability to keep people connected. The internet allows friends and family to pay a low monthly price for e-mail, instant message and the ability to speak through a person’s computer. People can actually dial out to another computer and hold a conversation just as if they were on the phone. Describe what has occurred to change the demand for, or the supply of, the good or service, and market prices of those products or services There is not a market, industry, good or service that has not been affected by the internet. Pertaining to demand the internet has changed demand in many ways, mainly due to making a lot of information available to the consumer that did not use to be. The internet offers more selections and more information on the products so theShow MoreRelatedEconomics An Overview: Article Analysis Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesbusiness objectives. Economics used as a tool to solve coordination problems. They include what and how much product to produce, how to produce their product, and for whom they are producing. In order to effectively answer these questions, economics is used. 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Financial decisions affect everyone in their day-to-day routines. Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources (Mankiw, 2012). Macroeconomics is the study of economy wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, Gross Domestic Product, and economic growth (Mankiw, 2012). Macroeconomics is important because, it is how all of us relate into markets and economies. Many news articles today are centered on theRead MoreArticle Analysis: Chinese Exporters Weakness at Fair Points to Broader Economic Anxiety640 Words   |  3 PagesKeith Bradshers article (2012) about weakness at the Chinese export fair in Guangzhou highlights how different macroeconomic variables can affect international business. Bradsher notes that orders from Europe and North America are down for Chinese exporters. While there is disagreement about the exact cause, there is speculation about several variables. Many Western economies have st ruggled in the past couple of months as their economies have seen a faltering recovery. In addition, the Chinese renminbiRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Peaceful Revolution During Czechoslovakia From Economic And Political Weekly, A Social Science Fiction Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesIn an article titled â€Å"Peaceful Revolution in Czechoslovakia† from Economic and Political Weekly, a social science journal created in India in 1949 that covers international topics, the beginnings of the Prague Spring were told as of April 27th, 1968. The tone of the article is optimistic about the new liberalization seen in Czechoslovakia to this point, but there is also a tone of uncertainty about what exactly will happen. The author of the article knows that major changes are being made, so quicklyRead MoreMiddle East Faces Water Shortage For The Next 25 Years1403 Words   |  6 PagesIntro paragraph: I collected the news articles for this assignment through various means. For instance, I used Google search, and typed in keywords such as economy, scarce resources, economic analysis, economic data, consumer demand, consumer spending and consumer prices. I would then click the news tab and looked through the list of recent news articles, and I would pick the ones that caught my attention the most. I also went directly to well known news websites, such as the Miami Herald, WashingtonRead MoreEconomic Development Of China Through Marxian Economics And Neoclassical Economics1618 Words   |  7 Pages In the era of capitalist globalization, the economic growth of China has made the country a possible regional leader with the potential to become a global power. With respect to economics, China’s capitalist market has become a key international player in global politics. One way of conceptualizing the phenomenon of economic expansion in China is through the examination of traditional and contemporary IR theories. China’s remarkable economic growth, which exemplifies their â€Å"socialist market economyRead MoreDoes Natural Disaster Affect International Trade?1678 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping such as machines, technology, and other fields in the world. Therefore, experts make an accurate estimate what will happen to futures. Economists estimate rates of economic growth or impacts of crises or other economic phenomenon. However, what if natural disasters occur in somewhere, economists still can estimate economic phenomenon or prepare what they have to do? Do they expect exchange rates will fall, and their countries’ economy will crisis? For example, Japan s earthquake and tsunamiRead MoreMcCarthyism: Weeding out Communist Threats or Saving Capitalism1431 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States ended with a rudimentary analysis of the repercussions of a fabricated fear of communism. The article â€Å"McCarthyism: Political Repression and the Fear of Communism† denied overarching themes of the time period and focused on narrow attempts to place economic sanctions, infractions of civil rights, and national security as the reasons and outcomes of the fear of communism. While these themes are all supported with evidence, a neglect of analysis on the bigger picture leave the readerRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Illegal Immigration, Deportation Policy, And The Optimal Timing Of Return Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesrhetorical style of three articles regarding immigration. The article have various viewpoints and each looks at differen t aspects of the immigration. The articles all have in depth analysis on the topic they are covering. I will look at each article by analyzing the way the article is presented. I will try not worry about the topic, but the style of the writing and tone. Each article has characteristics of audience and rhetoric which gives them a sense of credibility. In the article, â€Å"Illegal immigration

New Testament And Homer Free Essays

Hebrew and Greek attitudes toward killing are similar, but once religion is factored in a remarkable difference is revealed. Early Hebrew citizens were murderous people by nature, much like the Greeks, but had God looking down on them saying to them that killing was wrong. Greek citizens would engage in war and human sacrifices with the gods on their side, and even sometimes the gods would take part in the murdering. We will write a custom essay sample on New Testament And Homer or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Greek way of life was murderous due to their strong urge to be revengeful, whereas the Hebrews murdered to keep the faith. In the text of The Odyssey and the Holy Bible killing is undeniably abundant with citizens killing, God killing, and sometimes the two killing in cahoots. The Holy Bible contains many instances of killing. The one that most everyone is familiar with is, Exodus 20:13, in the Ten Commandments of God stating, â€Å"You shall not murder. † Later in the Bible, God states what will happen to you if you disobey him, â€Å"The Lord will send you cursing, confusion, and rebuke in all that you set your hand to do, until you are destroyed and until you perish quickly, because of the wickedness of your doings in which you have forsaken Me† (Deuteronomy 28:20). With these to teachings from God, one would think there would be no killing going on and if you did kill you would be punished severely. This however, is not the case. In Genesis, Cain murders his own brother, Abel, out of jealousy. God sees this and is angry that Cain didn’t follow his rules, consequently banishing him and desecrating his body with a mark (The Holy Bible, Genesis 4). In some instances God actually commands killing. In Genesis, God became angry with the people so he kills them all with a flood, sparing only what He put on Noah’s Ark (Holy Bible, Genesis 6-8). God also asks Abraham to sacrifice his own son. Abraham is ready to prove his faith to God and murder, but fortunately God does not make him (Holy Bible, Genesis 22:8-13). When the people worship a golden calf in Baal, God becomes angry because you are not suppose to worship figures or anything other than God, and took command over the people. God makes the men take their swords and slay over three thousand of their brothers and sons (Holy Bible, Exodus 32:27-29). God also kills all of Egypt’s first born when he establishes Passover. During the first Passover, all of the people who do not obey God’s detailed procedure for Passover are visited and murdered by an angel of death. After God makes the Egyptians hearts hard and then weak, the people are able to leave, but are followed by the Pharaoh’s men. God separates the Red Sea for the Hebrews, but once the Egyptian soldiers enter the parting, God fills the waters back up and drowns all the men (Holy Bible, Exodus 12:29-30). All of the killings are influenced by Gods determination to have the people faithful to his religion. God leads the people through Moses and performs various acts to win the faith of the people. He does this by putting death on the door of the Hebrews and then saving the Hebrews by not killing them, therefore winning their faith by making them acknowledge his existence. God commands that people obey him or pay the consequence. This is a threat to the people on disobedience for Gods laws. If you murder you have desecrated Gods will, and punishment will come, and it will come in the greatest way possible. Early Greek society is full of warfare and dedication to the gods. The citizens of their great cities take pride in the glory of their warriors and the proud armies that fight so hard to conquer and plunder their enemies. As they are busy killing in war, they are also dedicated to their gods. Sacrificing humans to the gods is not an uncommon occurrence. The gods also play active roles in the Greeks killing. The gods sit above on Mt. Olympus and watch the many people come in conflict with each other, sometimes taking part in how the divine game is played out. The way the gods interact reminds me as if they are watching a daytime soap opera, interfering with the actions of the actors. In Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus, a powerful Greek warrior, is glorified in his adventures to Troy. His kills are great and in many numbers. Odysseus is described as a hero and the â€Å"raider of cities. † On Odysseus’s twenty-year quest the gods, mainly Athena, lead him. In the beginning the gods interfere when Poseidon wants to kill Odysseus, but Zeus refrains him from doing so. As Odysseus wanders his way home, he contemplates self-restraint and the value of lives. On part of his journey, Odysseus travels a dangerous path at one point risking his whole crew, which he has lost numerous times. He must decide between one path that will kill only a few and is difficult, or on a simpler path that can kill all of his crew. He realizes the importance of the lives and chooses the less harmful one. Perhaps the greatest and most glorified of Odysseus’s killings is when he returns home to kill all of the suitors pursuing his wife. Greeks killed out of revenge quite often. This created a giant, perpetual cycle of killing that left many angry. As Odysseus is murdering in great numbers at his home he is proud. He believes he is doing justice when he hangs prostitutes dead by a rope and dismembers a goat herder. The vengeful Odysseus is described as a proud fisherman with all his kills. â€Å"Odysseus scanned his house to see if any man still skulked alive, still hoped to avoid black death. But he found them one and all in blood and dust? great hauls of them down and out like fish that fishermen drag from the churning gray surf in looped and coiling nets and fling ashore on a sweeping hook of beach-some noble catch? orpse covering corpse? †(Odyssey, lines 406-414). The pride that Odysseus instills from his murderous ways is apparent. The Gods to do not threaten a punishment on Odysseus. The only threat that is to Odysseus is the families of the suitors who are angry. The main motivation for the killings is families and citizens feuding and avenging past killings. Fortunately, at the end of the Odyssey, the Gods cast a fog in the memories of the people so they will forget their anger towards each other. As the Hebrews kill, God and his threat for them to behave forever accompanied them. However, God’s punishment is not always apparent, for the most part it is. As the Greeks kill they are profitful and in almost no threat to the Gods. In Hebrew culture murder was used by God to help keep order and to acquire his people freedom. The Greeks killed to please the Gods and to please their state, neither of these are a value in Hebrew life. Although Hebrews and Greeks killed a lot with little thought towards it, Hebrew culture was plagued with God’s guilt over you, while in Greek culture you could profit from killing. How to cite New Testament And Homer, Essay examples

Victorian society Essay Example

Victorian society Essay In the figure of Dracula, Stoker created an image of otherness. Dracula is physically other, the dark, unconscious, the sexuality that Victorian England denied. He is also culturally other: a revenant from the ages of superstition. More significantly, he is socially other: the embodiment of all the social forces that lurked just beneath the frontiers of Victorian middle-class consciousness, everything that was socially other to the Victorian bourgeoisie. He represents all dark, foreign (i. e. non-English) races; all dark, foreign (i. e.non-bourgeois) classes; and (paradoxically) the dark, exotic aristocracy, which, though moribund, might suddenly resurge. It is otherness itself, all that bourgeois society has repudiated, that Dracula represents the psychically repressed and the socially oppressed. This is reminiscent of Kipps as he represses the shrill neigh of the pony, which represents his bestial instincts, and the screaming child who represents an age of innocence which has been lost, to preserve his business-like lawyer exterior, which ultimately returns to haunt him. The intrinsically fantastical nature of the gothic novel has always allowed it to be far more graphic in its exploration of the darker realms of the human psyche. The frequent allusions to sexuality and innuendo that were so commonplace in the gothic were very titilating, yet abstract enough to be tolerated in prudish societies of the past. The transition from a child to a sexualised adult is a gothic convention, and the genre has dared to be different by reversing typical gender roles, sometimes casting the female in the ascendancy. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In contrast to other genres, sexual relations are often portrayed as corrupt and depraved in the gothic, with insinuations of paedophilia, fairly blatant homo-eroticism, for example in Dracula, rapaciousness and even incest. The gothic often explores the darker nature of human sexuality, and conveys the unspeakable and taboo aspects of sexual relationships, which perhaps explains its popularity in the sexually oppressive Victorian society.

The Narative Life of Frederick Douglas essays

The Narative Life of Frederick Douglas essays The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Access to education is a fundamental right. It is what contributes to our ability to sustain communities, cities, and countries. During the pre-civil war period, the right to an education was restricted to only white people. This meant white society could enjoy and reap the benefit of an education while others like Frederick Douglass were forced to endure a life of slavery. It was not only culturally acceptable for blacks to be forced into hard back-breaking work, but this was all they knew growing up; in a life of slavery. The life of bondage into which Douglass was born taught nothing to him other than of slaverys brutality and ruthlessness towards human beings. Uneducated, he remained After Frederick was born, he worked for Captain Aaron Anthony. A cruel man who worked his slaves on the plantation hard and treated them like animals. A good example of this was the fact that, along with the de-humanizing conditions slaves faced, they were also forced to eat their cornmeal mush from a trough. Animals and slaves were treated in similar ways. In the mindset shared by the majority of white people it was culturally acceptable to own, beat, starve, and deprive a black slave of their individuality. Frederick Douglass was a young slave when he was sold to his new captors. Traveling to Baltimore, Maryland to work for Hugh Auld, Douglass, in his new home, made the first leap towards a re...

Life of Francis Crick, Co-Discoverer of DNAs Structure

Life of Francis Crick, Co-Discoverer of DNA's Structure Francis Crick (June 8, 1916–July 28, 2004) was the co-discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule. With James Watson, he discovered the double helical structure of DNA. Along with Sydney Brenner and others, he demonstrated that the genetic code is composed of three base codons for reading the genetic material. Fast Facts: Francis Crick Full Name: Francis Harry Compton CrickKnown for: Co-discovered the double helical structure of DNABorn: June 8, 1916 in Northampton, EnglandDied: July 28, 2004 in La Jolla, California, United StatesEducation: University of Cambridge, Ph.D.Key Accomplishments: Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1962)Spouses Names: Ruth Doreen Dodd (1940–1947) and Odile Speed (1949–2004)Childrens Names: Michael Francis Compton, Gabrielle Anne, Jacqueline Marie-Therese Early Years Francis Harry Compton Crick was born on June 8, 1916 in the English town of Northampton. He was the eldest of two children. Crick began his formal education at the Northampton Grammar School, then attended Mill Hill School in London. He had a natural inquisitiveness for the sciences and enjoyed conducting chemical experiments under the tutelage of one of his uncles. Crick earned his Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the University College London (UCL). He then started his Ph.D. work in physics at UCL, but was unable to finish due to the start of World War II. During the war, Crick worked for the Admiralty Research Laboratory, conducting research on the design of acoustic and magnetic mines. After the war, Crick moved from studying physics to studying biology. He very much enjoyed pondering the new discoveries that were being made in the life sciences at the time. In 1950, he was accepted as a student at Caius College, Cambridge. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 1954 for his study of the X-ray crystallography of proteins. Research Career Cricks transition from physics to biology was critical to his work in biology. It has been said that his approach to biology was refined by the simplicity of physics, as well as his belief that there were still big discoveries to be made in biology. Crick met James Watson in 1951. They had a common interest in discerning how the genetic information for an organism could be stored in the organisms DNA. Their work together built upon the work of other scientists such as Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling, and Erwin Chargaff. The partnership proved fortuitous to their discovery of DNAs double helix structure. For the majority of his career, Crick worked for the Medical Research Council at Cambridge in England. Later in life, he worked for the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, in the United States. The Structure of DNA Crick and Watson proposed a number of significant features in their model of the structure of DNA, including: DNA is a double-stranded helix.The DNA helix is typically right-handed.The helix is anti-parallel.The outside edges of the DNA bases are available for hydrogen bonding. The model consisted of a sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and pairs of nitrogenous bases, held together by hydrogen bonds, on the inside. Crick and Watson published their paper detailing the structure of DNA in the science journal Nature in 1953. The illustration in the article was drawn by Cricks wife Odile, who was an artist. Crick, Watson, and Maurice Wilkins (one of the researchers whose work Crick and Watson had built upon) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for Medicine in 1962. Their discoveries furthered the understanding of how the genetic information from one organism is passed down to its progeny from generation to generation. Later Life and Legacy Crick continued to study other aspects of DNA and protein synthesis after the discovery of the double helical nature of DNA. He collaborated with Sydney Brenner and others to demonstrate that the genetic code is made up of three base codons for amino acids. The research demonstrated that, since there are four bases, there are 64 possible codons, and the same amino acid can have multiple codons. In 1977, Crick left England and relocated to the United States, where he served as the J.W. Kieckhefer Distinguished Research Professor at the Salk Institute. He continued to research in biology, focusing on neurobiology and human consciousness. Francis Crick died in 2004 at the age of 88. He is remembered for the significance of his role in the discovery of DNAs structure. The discovery was pivotal to many later advances in science and technology, including screening for genetic diseases, DNA fingerprinting, and genetic engineering. Sources The Francis Crick Papers: Biographical Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/SC/p-nid/141.  Francis Crick - Biographical. Nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1962/crick/biographical/.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About Dr Francis Crick.† Crick, www.crick.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/about-dr-francis-crick.  Watson, James D. The Double Helix: a Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New American Library, 1968.